On Thursday 26 March, Harriet Moynihan, our Head of Accountability in International Law, briefed diplomats from Canada, Ukraine and a number of other countries on accountability for cyber proxies, drawing on a Chatham House research paper that she co-authored, 'Holding State-Sponsored Hackers and Other Cyber Proxies to Account: Lessons from Tackling Proxies in Russia's War on Ukraine'. The briefing highlighted the challenges of accountability for malicious cyber activity by cyber proxies—whether hacktivists, criminal groups or private companies—and set out a three-tier framework for moving from fragmented tactical responses to strategic coherence.'